Note from the author:
This is summative assessement of Unit 1 material for the AP US History
1
5
Before 1492, many American Indian cultures were strongly influenced by the:
ravages of smallpox epidemics
domestication of horses
regular contacts with Africa
spread of corn cultivation
invention of the spoked wheel
2
1
Which answer below best describes how Joint Stock Companies profited from the colonization of the Americas?
most of these types of companies laundered money for the king of England, making huge profits at the same time.
These companies finainced many colonial trips to the Americas, in return Joint Stock Companies recieved goods from these colonies and were able to convert these goods into cash fairly easily.
Most Joint Stock Companies only lasted for 1-3 years before they lost money.
The use of Joint Stock Companies led the British government to pass the FDIC which regulated over seas investing to 100,000 pounds per voyage.
3
5
In the 1600s, the earliest British colonies in Virginia were saved from economic ruin by:
the introduction of price controls on agricultural commodities by the king of England
decline of African slavery in North America
the extension of the western frontiers
the introduction of tobacco cultivation and other cash crops
4
5
“The Americas were discovered in 1492, and the first Christian settlements established by the Spanish the following year.... [I]t would seem... that the Almighty selected this part of the world as home to the greater part of the human race.... [T]heir delicate constitutions make them unable to withstand hard work or suffering and render them liable to succumb to almost any illness, no matter how mild. . . . It was upon these gentle lambs... that, from the very first day they clapped eyes on them, the Spanish fell like ravening wolves upon the fold, or like tigers and savage lions who have not eaten meat for days. . . . The native population, which once numbered some five hundred thousand, was wiped out by forcible expatriation to the island of Hispaniola.”
Bartolomé de Las Casas, 1552
An implication of Las Casas’ argument is that a major cause of the decline of the native populations in the Americas after 1492 was the:
importation of European and African wildlife to the Americas
large-scale clashes between native armies and the Spanish
resistance of indigenous groups to religious conversion
epidemics brought to the Americas by Europeans
5
5
Which answer below best summarizes British attempts to build sustainable long distance colonies in the Americas during the 1600s?
The British goverment spent a lot of time trying to micro-manage colonial economies and these local Colonies like Plymouth failed to grow economically.
The British failed to establish successful colonies due to conflicts with local Native American tribes
British colonists desired farm land, and wanted to create a new way of life in the Americas, also the British government largely left Colonies alone to grow and develop their economies on their their own.
The Spainish spent most of the 1600's fighting to keep the British from expanding into North America.
6
5
Which of the following was a major difference between the encomienda system and slave labor in the Spanish colonies?
The encomienda system exploited the labor of Native Americans, whereas slavery more typically extracted labor from enslaved Africans.
The encomienda system imported servants from Europe, whereas the slavery system mostly exploited Native Americans.
The encomienda system was developed specifically for plantation agriculture, whereas slaves were used only in mines
The encomienda system paid laborers wages, whereas wages were not paid to enslaved people.
7
5
1. Spread of Spanish influence
📷
Engraving of sugar production on a plantation in the Spanish Caribbean, 1595, Theodor de Bry
Historical developments such as that depicted in the image helped advance which of the following?
The conquest of the European continent by Spain
The spread of Spanish influence in the Western Hemisphere
The shift in European economies from capitalism to feudalism
The funding of Christopher Columbus’s expeditions to the Caribbean
8
5
This tribe of Native Americans where first encoutered by Hernando Cortez in 1519, they were defined by the Spanish brutal people, who sacrificed human captives, but were able to build large sophisticated cities with irrigation and roads.
the Navajo
Mississippian Culture
Aztec
Iroquis
9
5
“[Before European contact] Cahokia [in present-day Missouri] and such other major centers as those now known as Coosa and Etowah in Georgia, Moundville in Alabama, and Natchez in Mississippi were home to highly stratified societies, organized as chiefdoms and characterized by a sharp divide between elites and commoners. . . . Surrounding networks of agricultural hamlets provided food to support the urban centers. . . .
“From the Ohio River through most of present-day Canada and down the coast to the Chesapeake were speakers of Algonquian languages. . . . Nearly everywhere [here], villages composed of 500 to 2,000 people were the norm. . . .
“[This] Indian country was decentralized and diverse, but not disconnected. . . . Routes of trade and communication, most of them millennia old and following the great river systems, crisscrossed the continent. The goods that moved along them were, for the most part, few and rare. . . . Some closely neighboring people might exchange crucial resources—corn, for instances, for meat or fish.”
Daniel K. Richter, historian, Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America, 2001
Which of the following best describes the economic system that supported the Native American villages discussed in the second paragraph of the excerpt?
Trade and manufacturing of luxury goods
Settled subsistence farming
Seminomadic hunting
Migration and colonization of new territories
10
5
Which of the following was the most important reason that Native American relations with English settlers differed from Native American relations with other groups of European settlers in the 1600s?
Native Americans understood the English language better than other European languages.
English settlers were technologically more advanced than other European settlers.
English colonization along the Eastern Seaboard provided fewer opportunities for conflict between the two sides than did colonization in the interior.
Larger numbers of English colonists settled on land taken from Native Americans.
11
5
Which answer below best outlines the effects of the Treaty of Tordisallas on Native Americans living in Mexico?
All Native American tribe living in Mexico were forced onto government sponsored reservations.
The Portugese would be settle most of their trade colonies south of Panama to avoid Spanish garrisons.
Native Americas were forced to work on Spanish plantations called encomendias were many died of disease.
The Spainish decided to declare war on Portugal to obtain, the rights to North America.
12
5
Explain the main history, of the Iroquis. Do not forget to to explain how there society was organzied, what part of the world they were located in, and decribe their economic system. Your response must be at least five sentences long to get full credit.
13
5
Explain the main history, of the Aztec. Do not forget to to explain how there society was organzied, what part of the world they were located in, and decribe their economic system. Your response must be at least five sentences long to get full credit.
14
5
Explain the main history, of the Navajo people. Do not forget to to explain how there society was organzied, what part of the world they were located in, and decribe their economic system. Your response must be at least five sentences long to get full credit.
15
5
Explain how the Colombian Exchange affected both European and Native American societies. Your answer must have specific examples to support your claims. Your answer must be at at least sentences long.
16
5
Compare and contrast the national motivations that the Spanish Empire and England had for colonizing the Americas, and compare and constrast both empires economic policies toward Native Amerian societies.
17
5
“The development of a plantation economy, beginning in the sixteenth century, transformed Africa, America, Europe, and Asia, too. It displaced the old silk trade and shifted the increasingly dynamic center of the world economy westward to the Atlantic. . . .
“The Atlantic economy supplied eager European consumers with mildly addictive . . . crops like tobacco and coffee, along with sugar. . . . The Atlantic plantation system transformed these three [products] into items of general consumption. . . . Investors prospered, and capital for further economic development accumulated in the [home country]. The governments found funding and motive to develop sea power. The Americas had lucrative export crops and developed a society based on a system of labor exploitation of Africans, and Africa suffered the transport of eleven million of its people to the New World.”
Thomas Bender, historian, A Nation Among Nations: America’s Place in World History, 2006
Which of the following claims does the excerpt make about changes that occurred as a result of new interactions in the Atlantic region?
African kingdoms were the largest purchasers of goods produced in the Americas.
Europeans developed new methods of conducting trade and making profits.
Native Americans amassed fortunes as Europeans paid high prices for rare goods.
Merchants from Asia dominated trade throughout the sixteenth century.
18
5
“The development of a plantation economy, beginning in the sixteenth century, transformed Africa, America, Europe, and Asia, too. It displaced the old silk trade and shifted the increasingly dynamic center of the world economy westward to the Atlantic. . . .
“The Atlantic economy supplied eager European consumers with mildly addictive . . . crops like tobacco and coffee, along with sugar. . . . The Atlantic plantation system transformed these three [products] into items of general consumption. . . . Investors prospered, and capital for further economic development accumulated in the [home country]. The governments found funding and motive to develop sea power. The Americas had lucrative export crops and developed a society based on a system of labor exploitation of Africans, and Africa suffered the transport of eleven million of its people to the New World.”
Thomas Bender, historian, A Nation Among Nations: America’s Place in World History, 2006
The second paragraph of the excerpt makes which of the following claims about the introduction to Europe of new crops from the Americas?
They remained relatively unpopular.
They required little labor to produce.
They stimulated economies across Europe.
They replaced traditional agricultural products.
19
5
“The development of a plantation economy, beginning in the sixteenth century, transformed Africa, America, Europe, and Asia, too. It displaced the old silk trade and shifted the increasingly dynamic center of the world economy westward to the Atlantic. . . .
“The Atlantic economy supplied eager European consumers with mildly addictive . . . crops like tobacco and coffee, along with sugar. . . . The Atlantic plantation system transformed these three [products] into items of general consumption. . . . Investors prospered, and capital for further economic development accumulated in the [home country]. The governments found funding and motive to develop sea power. The Americas had lucrative export crops and developed a society based on a system of labor exploitation of Africans, and Africa suffered the transport of eleven million of its people to the New World.”
Thomas Bender, historian, A Nation Among Nations: America’s Place in World History, 2006
The excerpt makes the overall argument that the Atlantic economy
eliminated competition between European nations
contributed to the persistence of feudal economic systems
contributed to the the rise of the House of York
drove long-lasting economic shifts across Europe, Africa, and the Americas
20
5
The expansion of European settlement in the Americas most directly led to which of the following developments?
The declining competition among the major Europeans powers over their colonial holdings
The spread of religious tolerance throughout most of the European colonies in the Americas
The growing separation between the colonial economies and the economies of their mother countries
The use of enslaved Native Americans and Africans to meet the labor demands of colonial agricultural production
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